The causal effects of fertility are a central focus in the social sciences, but the analysis is challenged by the … endogeneity of fertility choices. Earlier work has proposed several "natural experiments" from twin births or gender composition … rare (twins) and weak (gender composition) instrumental variables for fertility. This paper proposes a new "natural …

Early fertility is a key barrier to female human capital attainment in sub-Saharan Africa, yet contraceptive take …

pollution distorts individuals' fertility behaviors in China. We document a robust pattern in which increased pollution over …We incorporate pollution exposure into Becker's "Quantity-Quality" (Q-Q) model of fertility and quantify how air … time negatively affects the fertility of ethnic Han people, who comprise approximately 92% of the Chinese population. These …

failure that may lead to inefficiently low equilibrium fertility and therefore to a need for government intervention. The …) model with fertility choice and altruism, and model ownership by introducing a minimum constraint on transfers from parents … transfer floor is binding, fertility choices are inefficient. We show how this inefficiency relates to dynamic inefficiency in …

This paper investigates how fertility responds to changes in the price of a marginal child and in household income. We … construct a large, individual-level panel data set of married Israeli women during the period 1999-2005 that contains fertility … subsidy for infra-marginal children). We find a significant and positive price effect on fertility: the mean level of marginal …

We provide evidence that lower fertility can simultaneously increase income per capita and lower carbon emissions …, eliminating a trade-off central to most policies aimed at slowing global climate change. We estimate the effect of lower fertility … on carbon emissions accounting for the fact that changes in fertility patterns affect carbon emissions through three …

Does the intellectual endowment of children affect parents' fertility choices? The quantity-quality model of fertility … estimate the effect of her birth on further fertility. We find that the birth of a gifted child increases family size. However … endowment as an important factor in determining fertility choices …

limited access to contraception is an important driver of high fertility rates in West Africa. We do not find support for this … about family size and contraception, and social pressure. Free contraception did not influence fertility even in combination …

Unique data from the Berea Panel Study provides new evidence about fertility outcomes before age 30 and beliefs about …, while married individuals have very accurate beliefs. Novel attractiveness measures are central for understanding fertility …