This report uses a standard gravity setup to analyse the determinants of e-commerce, using data on online credit card payments by private Spanish customers of the multinational bank BBVA. The results show that the gravity model applies well to credit card payments, explaining up to 95% of the...

This paper aims to complement the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Consumer Protection in E-Commerce by elaborating on its key principles in the context of online advertising and offering practical guidance on how to apply these principles. For these purposes, the guide provides a number of...

Problems in e-commerce can lead to significant consumer harm (detriment), for example, when consumers have to pay more for a product than they reasonably expected (e.g. due to hidden costs); suffer from unfair contract terms; or receive products that do not conform to their reasonable...

The future of money / by Riel Miller, Wolfgang Michalski and Barrie Stevens -- Whence and whither money? / by Michel Aglietta -- The future technology of money / by Zachary Tumin -- Intangible economy and electronic money / by Charles Goldfinger -- New monetary spaces? / by Geoffrey Ingham --...

This paper surveys technological disruption in banking, examining its impact on competition and its potential to increase efficiency and customer welfare. It analyses the possible strategies of the players involved—incumbents and FinTech and BigTech firms—and the role of regulation.