This paper surveys technological disruption in banking, examining its impact on competition and its potential to increase efficiency and customer welfare. It analyses the possible strategies of the players involved—incumbents and FinTech and BigTech firms—and the role of regulation.

This study features a collection of eight case studies of exemplary cases from secondary schools as well as international literature reviews and policy analysis related to formative assessment, the frequent assessments of student progress to identify learning needs and shape teaching. It...