true for non-exporters. Models with firm heterogeneity in total factor productivity (TFP) predict the opposite. To solve …

is necessary to increase expenditure on R&D for business enterprises and higher education, exports and technology. If the …

We study the optimal trade policy against a foreign oligopoly withendogenous quality. We show that, under the Most … low-quality product and a tax onhigh-quality one. Another example of such a nonuniform tariff policyis a Regional Trade … Agreement (RTA). We show that, if a welfareimprovement is possible through a RTA, it is always with the low-quality producing …

of R&D costs of quality development and the foreign country is relatively larger andendowed with a relatively higher … good of higher quality thanthe domestic firm. This equilibrium is characterized by unilateral dumping by the foreignfirm … to a quality reversalin the international market, which gives a rationale for the domestic government to enact ADlaw. We …

. Based on a comparison of low-quality and high-quality prices, only unilateral dumping by the low-quality firm obtains. By … contrast, the standard WTO definition leads to either reciprocal or unilateral dumping by the high-quality firm, depending on …