employer supported course enrollment and mid-career investments in formal education on wages. Skills such as literacy, document … use and numeracy are often considered to be basic “Foundational Skills†that are essential building blocks towards … Skills (TOWES) that gauges literacy and essential skills. …

amount of technical training required are not necessarily linked to program completion rates. Reading, document use, numeracy …, and oral communication are among a set of Literacy and Essential Skills (LES) that are considered to be foundational in …. Recent research has revealed significant gaps in literacy and essential skills among the Canadian workforce. Weaknesses in …

The last decade has seen an increasing volume of research that reveals significant gaps in literacy and Essential … suggests that workers suffer consequences of low literacy in the form of lower wages, reduced job stability, and even higher … Office of Literacy and Essential Skills (OLES), a branch of Employment and Social Development Canada, aimed to fill this gap …

be confounded by the endogeneity of education, we make use of data on compulsory schooling laws to create instrumental …

who match their source and host country occupations do have a higher return to schooling, particularly for females. …