lower, when compared to Spain. This suggests that the hardship of being unemployed is higher in Portugal. Unemployment …, can explain this disparity. In this chapter we present some estimates of the loss of consumption suffered by unemployed …In Portugal real wage flexibility, at the macroeconomic level, is noticeably higher, while unemployment duration is …

explaining the high and persistent EU unemployment rates, focusing on several labour market institutions like collective …In this paper we analyse the likely effects of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) on European unemployment. We start by … describing the current unemployment situation in the European Union (EU). In so doing, we try to assess the relative importance …

‘atypical’/temporary/part-time employment contracts for new entrants in the labour market. As a result, the incidence of … other countries. Secondly, we address the puzzle of why temporary employment in Spain remains so high, despite recent labour … contrast with other institutional reforms of the labour market, there seems to be a common strategy of maintaining strict …

to non-wage labour costs. We also find positive effects on the transitions from unemployment and temporary employment … account for most new jobs. In 1997, however, the Spanish government attempted to reduce the incidence of temporary employment …Temporary employment contracts allowing unrestricted dismissals were introduced in Spain in 1984 and quickly came to …

positive links between employment protection, depression and the consumption of various psychotropic drugs. Tenure and firm …Unlike many other contracts, employment contracts are subject to various external administrative procedures governing … Health Survey) including details on work-related stress and the consumption of various medications, including anti …

Employment protection legislations (EPL) are not enforced uniformly across the board. There are a number of exemptions …

lower unemployment. Whether ‘work-sharing’ works – whether employment rises when hours per worker are reduced – is … standard hours, employment rose by 0.3–0.7%, but that total hours worked fell by 2–3%, implying possible output losses. As a … group, however, workers were better off as the wage bill rose. The employment growth implied by the mean standard hours …

relative to male wages, but female employment has fallen 5 percentage points more than male employment. Using the German Socio … of the hazard rate from employment. Differences in mean 1990 wages explain more than one-half of the gender gap in this … hazard rate, since low earners were more likely to leave employment, and were disproportionately female. The withdrawal from …

, finally, (vii) What is the overall cross-country time-series evidence regarding the employment effect of the minima? The aim …

It is widely believed that the integration of European economies will have little impact on labour mobility. This does … not mean, however, that European labour markets will be unaffected by the process of economic integration. In this paper …