are consistent with these grades being insufficiently salient for students to alter actual student behaviors …

in Germany, either teachers or parents have the discretion to decide which secondary school track a child may attend … increased time investments in students' skill development. Overall, my results suggest that selective admission policies can … lead to permanent improvements in students' educational performances. …

effects on school grades, but these negative effects are largely confined to children born extremely preterm (<28 weeks of … gestation, i.e. born at least 10 weeks earlier). Children born moderately preterm (i.e. born up to 5 weeks early) suffer no ill … school environment is very important for the outcomes of preterm born children, such that those born extremely preterm that …

in motivating desirable behaviour. In contrast to a standard program, in which students receive a reward conditional on … promise program through a field study involving Indigenous Australian high school students, a population who tends to have … of disadvantaged students. At the same time, we need further research on how to best design such programs to achieve …

- on school performance. We combine data from the National Educational Panel Study covering 5348 primary school students …