urban-rural gap in public infrastructure. Leftwing governments relocate hospital beds from rural regions. We propose that … leftwing governments do so to gratify their more urban constituencies. In turn, spatial inequalities in hospital infrastructure …

faced and their business environment. The business environment includes physical infrastructure, the availability of an …

This paper quantitatively assesses the macroeconomic effects of the recently agreed U.S. bipartisan infrastructure … types of infrastructure spending and linkages between the final and intermediate goods sectors. We find that infrastructure … multipliers above unity if infrastructure spending and rising public debt are financed by consumption, dividend and labour income …