We show that professional soccer players exhibit reference-dependent behavior during matches. Controlling for the state … the game, measured by the referee's assignment of cards, with a significantly higher probability if his team is behind the …

Since the famous Bosman ruling by the European Court of Justice in 1995 transfer fees for football players after moving … unrestricted market free migration from football players will be Pareto efficient under special circumstances only. This paper … shows that transfer fees can correct inefficient migration flows from small to large football leagues. Home-grown rules that …

this incentive mechanism is reinvigorated after a management change – but only when the team is sufficiently homogenous … on coach dismissals in the German football league where the selection of players is indeed a key task of the coach …. Indeed, we find substantial evidence that coach replacements enhance team performance (only) in homogenous teams. Moreover …

We document an increase in the scoring probability from penalties in soccer, which separates the time period before …

This paper studies how social pressure affects the behavior of soccer referees. We make use of an attractive source of … implemented a regulation that forces some soccer teams to temporarily play home matches in empty stadiums. We find that referees …