that are more effective at preventing outsider's entry and at mitigating price competition lead to less patenting. We test … restrict entry and price competition. We show that guilds which originated from medieval religious confraternities were more … likely to regulate entry and competition, and that the effect on patenting is robust to instrumenting guild statutes with …

The paper analyzes the interplay of product market competition and governance on CEO compensation in Italian listed … definitions of competition: the intensity of import penetration, which accounts for price competition, and the intensity of R …&D and advertising expenditures, which captures the oligopolistic nature of competition when products are vertically …