We provide an explanation for a frequently observed vertical restraint in ecommerce, namely that brand manufacturers …-quality product and limits the wholesale price a brand manufacturer can charge. If, however, the branded product is not available … price is salient in the store, this aligns the retailer's incentives with the brand manufacturer's interest to make quality …

Continued lobbying by high-end, American designers for intellectual property-type fashion design protection has … of EU case law and the increase in designer/mass-marketer collaborations. -- intellectual property rights ; fashion …

diversity of exports. Direct sales maintain a firm's unique product characteristics ("brand equity"), whereas trade through an … intermediary can take two forms - either a wholesaling arrangement that (also) maintains the exporter's unique brand but imposes a … with other firms' output and re-sold under a new private label brand created by the intermediary. This paper focuses on the …