the achievement distribution being hurt by competition. -- education ; competition ; Netherlands ; IVQR … outside option to public and other schools, this paper considers the effect of catholic competition on non-catholic school … performance in pre-university education. Employing data from central exit exams, a positive link between competition intensity and …

We study the impact of product margins on pharmacies' incentive to promote generics instead of brand-names. First, we … construct a theoretical model where pharmacies can persuade patients with a brand-name prescription to purchase a generic … producer and retail level. In the empirical analysis, we find a strong relationship between the margins of brand-names and …

diversity of exports. Direct sales maintain a firm's unique product characteristics ("brand equity"), whereas trade through an … intermediary can take two forms - either a wholesaling arrangement that (also) maintains the exporter's unique brand but imposes a … with other firms' output and re-sold under a new private label brand created by the intermediary. This paper focuses on the …

the firm sells both products under the same brand name, consumers adjust their beliefs about quality subject to the … markets and that even unprofitable products may be used to stabilize the umbrella brand. However, umbrella branding does not …

We provide an explanation for a frequently observed vertical restraint in ecommerce, namely that brand manufacturers …-quality product and limits the wholesale price a brand manufacturer can charge. If, however, the branded product is not available … price is salient in the store, this aligns the retailer's incentives with the brand manufacturer's interest to make quality …

We analyze structural state dependence in brand choice using variation from brand switching during stock-outs caused by … brand switching due to stock-outs. …