school. -- central exit exams ; value added ; achievement ; teacher quality …

teacher), with no crowding out of other school resources or parental support. However, the reform did not improve test scores … school environment from the students' perspective, but with the largest impact on aspects most weakly associated with better …

The central vs. local nature of high-school exit exam systems can have important repercussions on the labor market. By … high-school grades is indeed 6 percent when obtained on central exams but less than 2 percent when obtained on local exams …

all due to differences in what students bring with them to school - socio-economic background, cultural factors, and the … like? Or do school systems make a difference? This essay argues that differences in features of countries' school systems … factors of the school system, as well as factors beyond the school system, account for cross-country achievement differences …

not hurt other disadvantaged schools, but rather induced some teachers not to remain in their current school or to opt …

education, assuming that the institutional setup of the school system remains unchanged. -- Basic and college education ; skill …