to license all its existing patents royalty-free. The compulsory licensing increased follow-on innovation building on … Bell patents by 17%. This effect is driven mainly by young and small companies. Yet, innovation increased only outside the …We study the 1956 consent decree against the Bell System to investigate whether patents held by a dominant firm are …

. Domestic innovation is measured as citation-weighted domestic patents filed at the European Patent Office (EPO): to account for … to patent at the EPO. Results show that, in the short-run, IPR stimulate innovation. The effect for developing countries …This paper analyses the causal impact of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) on pharmaceutical innovation in a panel of …

We investigate how international patent activity enables firms from emerging economies to thrive in the global … marketplace. We match Chinese customs data to US patent records, and leverage the quasi-random assignment of USPTO patent … examiners to identify the causal effect of a US patent grant on the subsequent export performance of Chinese firms. Successful …

This paper provides a first comprehensive quantitative analysis of optimal patent policy in the global economy. We … application delivers three main results. First, the potential gains from international cooperation over patent policies are large …

This paper analyzes the optimal protection strategy for an innovator of a complex innovation who faces the risk of … imitation by a competitor. We suppose that the innovation can be continuously fragmented into sub-innovations. We characterize … the optimal mix of patent and trade secrets when the innovator faces a strict novelty requirement and can only patent a …

This paper develops a model of patent trolls to understand various litigation strategies employed by nonpracticing …

-competitive effects of patent pools for complementary patents naturally extend for dynamic innovation incentives. However, this simple …This paper analyzes patent pools and their effects on innovation incentives. It is shown that the pro … case, the licensing fees reflect the strength of patents. Patent pools of complementary patents can be used to discourage …

patentability standards at PTOs (Patent and Trademark Offices awarding so-called bad patents), not only "false innovators" have the … chance of being granted patents but also, and more interestingly, "true innovators" are forced to patent more intensively … distortions caused by bad patents. Moreover, we show that introducing a two-tiered patent system is unlikely to improve market …

patents (SEPs). I analyze the effects of injunctions and potential court-imposed FRAND rates on negotiated royalty rates. The …

This paper develops a theory of patent portfolios in which firms accumulate an enormous amount of related patents in … infringe on other firms ́patent portfolios. We investigate how litigation incentives for the holders of patent portfolios … impact the incentives to introduce new products and draw welfare implications. We also consider a patent portfolio …