In this paper, we study how the tax-and-transfer system reduces the inequality of lifetime income by redistributing … offsets around half of the inequality in lifetime earnings that is due to differences in skill endowments. At the same time …, taxes and transfers mitigate around 60% of the inequality in lifetime earnings that is attributable to employment and health …

We examine how the gender of business-owners is related to the wages paid to female relative to male employees working … in their firms. Using Finnish register data and employing firm fixed effects, we find that the gender pay gap is … - starting from a gender pay gap of 11 to 12 percent - two to three percentage-points lower for hourly wages in female …

We analyze the impact of women's managerial representation on the gender pay gap among employees on the establishment … share of women in management significantly reduces the gender pay gap within the firm. An increase in the share of women in … first-level management e.g. from zero to above 33 percent decreases the adjusted gender pay gap from a baseline of 15 …

The paper analyzes the gender pay gap in private-sector management positions based on German panel data and using fixed …

We study the impact of selection bias on estimates of the gender pay gap, focusing on whether the gender pay gap has … find robust evidence that, after controlling for selection, there were large declines in the raw and the unexplained gender … and actual labor market experience. However, we note that substantial gender wage gaps remain. In 2015, at the median, the …

measurement challenge and lacking adequate data, we apply several measures of ethnicity and examine various data sources as well …