-in-differences design to causally identify the short-run impact of COVID-19 on innovation spending in 2020 and expected innovation spending … substantially reduced innovation expenditure not only in the first year of the pandemic (2020) but also in the two subsequent years …, indicating ’Long–Covid’ effects on innovation. In 2020, innovation expenditure fell by 4.7 % due to the pandemic. In 2022 …

How important is information disclosure through patents for subsequent innovation? To answer this question, we examine … the expansion of the USPTO Patent Library system after 1975. Before the Internet, patent libraries gave inventors access … to patent documents. We find that after patent library opening, local patenting increases by 17% relative to control …