Education London School of Economics Houghton Street London WC2A 2AE © Alan Manning and Jörn-Steffen Pischke, submitted …, students would take an exam at age eleven, which determined whether they would attend an academically oriented grammar school … or a lower level secondary school. The reform proceeded at an uneven pace in different areas, so that both secondary …

within school estimation to work is, of course, that there is sufficient variance in peer composition of a class room within … Education London School of Economics Houghton Street London WC2A 2AE ©Andreas Ammermueller and Jörn-Steffen Pischke … up other omitted characteristics of the school or class room, a problem commonly referred to as correlated effects. For …