wages; the most widely accepted theoretical explanations interpret the unemployment rate as a measure of job competition …. This paper proposes new ways of measuring job competition, alternative to the unemployment rate, and finds that the … negative relationship still holds when job competition is measured following the job search literature. While for men the wage …

management on firm performance; (ii) a positive relationship between product market competition and average management quality … (part of which stems from the larger covariance between management with firm size as competition strengthens); and (iii) a …

, private competition, and tracking have been found to be important sources of international differences in student achievement. …