We examine whether parental and school investments reinforce or compensate for student performance. Our analysis … exploits school-starting-age rules in 34 countries, capturing achievement variation that arises because younger children … school investments are substitutes. …

-student variation across subfields in natural science (i.e., physics, chemistry, biology, and Earth science). Using middle-school …

We evaluate the impact of the Gambian hardship allowance, which provides a salary premium of 30-40% to primary school …

school teachers reaffirms these findings. Broadly, our findings suggest that the positive impact of Black teachers' ability …

all due to differences in what students bring with them to school – socio-economic background, cultural factors, and the … like? Or do school systems make a difference? This essay argues that differences in features of countries' school systems … factors of the school system, as well as factors beyond the school system, account for cross-country achievement differences …

, I use historical shifts in the school year schedule in Germany, which substantially shortened the duration of the … affected school years without adjusting the core curriculum. The loss of classroom instruction was mainly compensated for by …

and private schooling on student scores in Australia. We control for observable and unobservable influences, at school and …

We know surprisingly little about the influence of race-blind school admissions on student outcomes. This paper studies … a unique reform where a large, urban school district was federally mandated to adopt a race-blind lottery system to fill …-blind lotteries dramatically segregated subsequent magnet school cohorts. I show that race-blind admissions caused the more segregated …