This paper examines the impact of urban violence on the standardized test scores of public school students in Medellin … year fixed effects, allowing me to control for the endogeneity of violence. I find that each additional homicide per year … local violence is shown to induce higher levels of teacher turnover, although this may actually improve the average …

We explore the role of unfairly resolved land conflicts on the long-run dynamics of Colombia's war. We claimed that … targets of violence—notably forced displacements. The identification strategy used combines the use of instrumental variables …