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fiscal cost of migration. …
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We provide novel and comprehensive evidence on the net fiscal contributions of natives and migrants to the governmental budgets of EU countries. We account for income taxes and cash benefits, along with indirect taxes and in-kind benefits, which are often missing in standard datasets. We find...
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contributions and pension benefits. However, tax expenditures - defined as deviations from an agreed benchmark tax system - are … fiscal and distributional impact of tax expenditures related to public and private contributory pension schemes, affecting … that pension-related tax expenditures can have a sizeable revenue impact and strong effects on inequality and poverty …
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