In this paper, we analyze the volume of Euro banknotes issued by Germany and circulating in other Euro area countries as well as outside the Euro area with a banknotes’ age model. Our approach suggests that about 60% of banknotes, the equivalent of around € 225 billion, is held abroad.

If long-term inflation expectations are well-anchored, they should be unaffected by short-term economic news. This letter introduces news-regressions with multiple endogenous breaks to investigate the de- and re-anchoring of US inflation expectations. We confirm earlier evidence on the...

We estimate currency demand functions conditional on electronic money adoption with household-level survey data from Japan under an Instrumental Quantile Regression framework. Contrary to theoretical predictions, our results suggest that users of electronic money hold more currency than non-users.

Recent work by Laibson (1997) identifies that individuals’ time discount factors evolve over time. This leads to a time-inconsistency problem in which savings are distorted. This paper studies the long-run effects of inflation in the presence of a time-inconsistency problem.

The effects of monetary policy vary significantly across countries. In particular, recent empirical work finds evidence of a Tobin effect in high income countries and a reverse Tobin effect in less developed economies. We present a neoclassical growth model where money is required for investment...

Temporal aggregation is known to affect the persistence of time series. We study the aggregation of flow variables as well as stock data, and difference-stationarity is allowed for. Moreover, moving averages encountered when computing annual growth rates (seasonal differences) are investigated....

This paper analyzes the effect of omitting a persistent covariate in the GARCH-X model. In particular, we show that if the relevant persistent covariate is omitted and the usual GARCH(1,1) model is fitted, the model will be estimated approximately as an IGARCH model. This may well explain the...

IVX estimation is used increasingly often in predictive regressions with regressors of unknown persistence. While not exhibiting the second-order bias the OLS estimator has in this setup, IVX estimators have reduced rates of convergence when the regressors are highly persistent. The reduced...

This article tests the linearity assumption underlying the popular heterogeneous autoregressive model for realized volatility (HAR-RV). We implement a consistent model specification test that is robust to both distributional and model misspecification. We find that, using a nonparametric HAR-RV...

It is well-known that economic and financial time series are characterized by nonlinearities. The literature does not agree, however, on the actual causes of such nonlinearities. In this paper, I investigate whether dynamics at different frequencies present different degree of nonlinearity, and...