Background To reach the French market, a new drug requires a marketing authorization (MA) and price and reimbursement agreements. These hurdles could delay access to new and promising drugs. Since 1992, French law authorizes the use of unlicensed drugs on an exceptional and temporary basis...

We develop a "welfarist" model in which the collective demand for health insurance is mainly explained by a solvability motive : health insurance does not have for principal function to treat the risk aversion of solvent agents but to make it possible to individuals who are too poor to assume...

Background Biosimilars are copies of biological reference medicines. Unlike generics (copies of chemical molecules), biologics are complex, expensive and complicated to produce. The knowledge of the factors affecting the competition following patent expiry for biologics remains limited....