to work in schools with higher achieving students from more advantaged socioeconomic backgrounds. Principals often use … schools with many poor or low-achieving students as stepping stones to what they view as more desirable assignments. We use …

teachers resulted in average improved achievement for students in the poorest decile of schools of .03 standard deviations …

, while less effective transfers stay in lower-performing schools, likely exacerbating the differences across students in the …

This paper examines the impact of month of birth on national achievement test scores in England whilst children are in … younger children performing significantly worse, on average, than their older peers. Furthermore, almost all of this … difference is due to the fact that younger children sit exams up to one year earlier than older cohort members. The difference in …