Trading companies face global competitive pressures to adapt their roles and strategies. Even Swedish trading companies, although specialised in terms of products and on overseas markets, have experienced more difficult competition. However, little or no research has been done on the commercial...

The relationship between cultural and social elements in Japan and the presence and maintenance of trade barriers is examined. The European Community and the US had $23 billion and $60 billion deficits with Japan in 1988, respectively. In particular, the US has experienced a trade deficit with...

The EC is one of the most important overseas markets for New Zealand companies. Many New Zealand companies, while claiming to be iche marketers, are actually competing in open segments on the basis of cost and price. These firms appear to place little importance on marketing variables such as...

Five years after the deregulation of New Zealand′s telecommunications and broad‐casting markets, the country′s two state‐owned broadcasters had achieved widely differing levels of internationalization and financial performance. Television New Zealand, the more active international...

Past research has identified several organizational, managerial, relationship‐related and external variables as playing a role in determining the success or failure of a firm′s export marketing activities. However, most of this research has been conducted using samples from the developed...

Presents the findings of a comparative study into the export behaviour and internationalization of small computer software firms in Finland, Ireland and Norway. These findings challenge many of the underlying assumptions of conventional internationalization “stage” theories and lead to the...

In order to portray the ethical and social responsibility implications of marketing potentially harmful products to vulnerable consumers in less developed countries, newly emerging democracies, and in newly industrializing countries, presents a descriptive model depicting relationships between...

Explores explanations for the continuance of agents or distributors and sales subsidiaries as international market entry and development modes and channels of distribution in the machine tool industry in the UK, and for entry mode evolution. Data were collected by in‐depth interviews with...

While conjecture surrounds attitudes toward countertrade, there are few studies reporting on empirical inquiries. Attitudes to and perceptions of various dimensions of countertrade are reported for Australian firms and some comparisons are drawn from similar studies conducted in the UK and...

States that it is critical that incumbent firms understand the processes that enhance or inhibit entry of new firms into their industry. A new entrant into an industry may create additional demand by legitimizing the technology/products, and/or may share the existing market by drawing buyers...