This paper shows that there are large differences in cognitive and socio-emotional development between children from … rich and poor backgrounds at the age of 3, and that this gap widens by the age of 5. Children from poor backgrounds also … face much less advantageous "early childhood caring environments" than children from better off families. For example we …

is explained by student background and subject mix. Based on a simple measure of parental income, we see that students … is competitive to enter, with some universities demanding very high entrance grades. Students specialise early … from higher income families have median earnings which are around 25% more than those from lower income families. Once we …

This paper compares patterns of private school attendance in the UK and Australia. About 6.5% of school children in the … to model attendance at a private school at age 15 or 16 as a function of household income and other child and parental … characteristics. As one might expect, we observe a strong effect of household income on private school attendance. The addition of …

follow two cohorts of students in England - those who took GCSEs in 2001-02 and 2002-03 - from age 11 to age 20. The findings … hold for both state and private school students. This suggests that poor attainment in secondary schools is more important … in explaining lower HE participation rates amongst students from disadvantaged backgrounds than barriers arising at the …