results show that students attending vocational schools perform significantly worse than those in general schools, except in … Portugal. Considering only general school students, the differences between big and small cities are not statistically … significant, while among students in vocational schools, those in a small city tend to perform better than those in a big city …

expectation that leads teachers and students to shirk in school to devote more attention to tutoring. In basic education, teacher … pressure is a major motivation for public school students to take tutoring. In order to reduce the prevalence of tutoring and …

effects on university students enrolled in the Erasmus exchange program. We use administrative data on all exchange students …—the youngest cohort students participate less often to the Erasmus exchange program than older cohort members. …

education inequalities. Using PISA 2018 data from France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom, we find that students …. Similar results are found by considering days of absence from school. In the longer run, students who cannot learn remotely … on disadvantaged students and schools should be designed accordingly. …

, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom. We find strong and significant cognitive losses of students lacking the … with the digital divide, while family characteristics matter in the United Kingdom. In the longer run, students who cannot …

students in Poland is estimated. The COVID-19-induced school closures lasted 26 weeks in Poland, one of Europe's longest …

over time. The findings show that test scores in math for grade 5 students improved over time by 0.29 standard deviation … despite school closures. The outcomes among students who were assessed in 2019 improved by an average of 0.72 standard …

variation induced by the pandemic by comparing two cohorts of students (one affected and the other unaffected), within the same … school. We find that hidden drop-out increases by 8.6 percentage points; the effect is stronger for students with lower …