This Selected Issues paper highlights quantitative tightening (QT) by the European Central Bank (ECB). It uses evidence from the literature on the impact of central bank bond purchases and sales on bond yields, and the monetary policy stance, to outline a roadmap for reducing the Euro system's...

The 2023 Article IV Consultation discusses that the euro area economy has shown remarkable resilience in the aftermath of Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the largest terms of trade shock in several decades, thanks to a swift policy response and a strong rebound in contact-intensive services....

The euro area economy has been resilient in the face of multiple, large shocks, including the pandemic, Russia’s gas shut-off, and fallout from the war in Ukraine. Nonetheless, the adverse shocks have had persistent effects which shape economic prospects. Energy-intensive industries, in...

Cover -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- I. Introduction -- II. Recent Economic Developments -- III. Policy Discussions -- A. Policies for 2007: Reducing Inflation -- B. Medium-Term Policies: Ensuring Fiscal Sustainability -- C. Medium-Term Policies: Promoting Sustained Nonhydrocarbon Growth --...

Cover -- Contents -- I. Introduction -- II. Strong Growth in 2006, Though Housing Market Started to Cool -- III. Growth Slowdown Ahead, with Risks on the Downside -- IV. Ample Room for Fiscal Stabilizers, but Population Aging Ahead -- V. Banks have Large Exposures to Property, but Big Cushions...

In recent years, the IMF has released a growing number of reports and other documents covering economic and financial developments and trends in member countries. Each report, prepared by a staff team after discussions with government officials, is published at the option of the member country.

Cover Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- BOX -- FIGURES -- FIGURES -- FIGURES -- TABLES -- BOX -- FIGURES -- BOXES -- FIGURES -- BOXES -- FIGURES -- TABLES -- A. External Sector Developments -- 1. Recent Developments -- 2. Outlook -- 1. Growth and Fiscal Consolidation Scenario...

This 2015 Article IV Consultation highlights that Afghanistan remains a poor fragile state that is far from self-reliance. Significant fiscal and banking vulnerabilities emerged in 2014. Domestic revenue collection fell below its 2013 level because of lower growth, declining imports, and lower...

This 1999 Article IV Consultation with Greece highlights that the 'regime switch' represented by the drachma devaluation, ERM entry, and the accompanying strengthening of policies was deemed essential also by the staff, both for competitiveness and confidence reasons. The monetary policy stance...