This paper investigates whether social identity considerations-through beliefs and normsdrive women's occupational …-selection patterns change. Analysis of those patterns suggests that identity considerations act as barriers to entering the technology … sector and that some high-cognitive skill women do not apply because of their high identity costs. …

paper, we conduct laboratory experiments in which we explore the motivations for and the effects of group identity. We find … that negative out-group opinion (acting as an inter-group identity threat) can motivate in-group/out-group effects in a … as an intra-group identity threat) increases the use of costly punishment within the in-group. …