The ratios of spending on R&D, advertising and marketing to sales are employed accordingly as direct determinants of the degree of vertical and horizontal product differentiation. The model is verified with direct regressions and a system of simultaneous regressions combining large firm survey...

This article describes the transition of MOL, the Hungarian Oil and Gas Company, from a state-owned enterprise to a privately owned regionalmultinational company and outlines its growth to become a leading player in the CEE region. It also illustrates how the company went through the internal...