By estimating a simultaneous panel data model of environmental innovation and toxic air pollution, this paper identifies bi-directional causal links between the two. We study a panel of 127 manufacturing industries over the period 1989-2004. Pollutant emissions are an implicit measure of policy...

We study determinants and effects of two types of private political actions (PPAs) against S&P 500 companies: environmental boycotts and shareholder proxy proposals. We consider effects on the firms׳ adoption of environmental management systems (EMS) and the environmental protocol, ISO 14001....

We study whether a government-sponsored voluntary pollution reduction program (VPR) promotes or deters the development of new environmental technologies that yield future emission reduction benefits. Using a panel of 127 U.S. manufacturing industries defined by 3-digit SIC classifications over...