Abstract What are the consequences of European integration for the member states? In this essay, I would like to show how the integration has changed the institutional options for action open to national actors. I start by looking at the German political system, which tends to bottleneck reform...

Abstract Analyses of European integration processes are still dominated by the dichotomous debate between intergovernmentalism and supranationalism. Sides are often taken in this debate based on very case-specific empirical findings. An analysis of two cases, European telecommunications and...

AbstractThis paper contributes to the ongoing discussion about the scope for autonomous action of supranational organizations in the European Union, focussing on the European Commission. In the literature, the independence of the Commission is frequently questioned, while the relative autonomy...