We present a model that suggests possible explanations for the observed proliferation of "pay-per-use" (PPU) business models over the last two decades. Delivering "fractions" of a product as a service off ers a cost advantage to customers with lower usage but requires extra delivery costs....

An interactive goal programming approach for assessing scenario probabilities used in long-range forecasting and decision analysis is developed and illustrated using a small numerical example. The method only requires marginal event probability and ordinal or interval first-order conditional...

Several financial planning problems are posed as dynamic generalized network models with stochastic parameters. Examples include: asset allocation for portfolio selection, international cash management, and programmed-trading arbitrage. Despite the large size of the resulting stochastic...