Purpose: The authors aim at investigating different forms of classification shifting (CS). CS is a novel form of earnings management under which managers misclassify income statement line items and cash flow statement line items with an intent to report favorable operating performance of firms....

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to provide a new way to optimize a portfolio and to show that combining the Hurst exponent and wavelet analysis may help to increase portfolio returns. Design/methodology/approach: The authors use the Hurst exponent and wavelet analysis to study the...