This paper considers a multimodal transportation problem, which is the problem of determining the transportation flow, i.e. volume of container cargoes, and the transportation mode in each trade route, for the objective of minimizing the sum of shipping and inland transportation costs. The...

Countries throughout the world, and especially within Asia, are investing heavily in container port infrastructure in the hopes of capturing a larger share of global shipping activity for their economies. Many existing ports are emphasizing developing the capacity to serve as a hub port,...

Numerous studies have analyzed the productivity, efficiency, and competitiveness of ports. However, empirical studies on the environmental efficiency of ports have not yet been carried out, since all previous studies have not considered the undesirable outputs that ports generate, for instance,...