School safety and classroom disciplinary climate have a direct impact on teachers' ability to teach and students …' ability to learn. School safety and classroom disciplinary climates have been declining in the Middle East and North Africa … disrupted learning environments, at the school and classroom levels, in the Middle East and North Africa region and to uncover …

series of recent World Bank and other studies on teacher absence and incentives for performance. Surprise school visits …

attending school. Using unique data from nationally representative surveys of schools in seven Sub-Saharan African countries …