reveal that teachers are absent at high rates in countries such as India, Indonesia, Uganda, Ecuador, and Zambia, reducing … performance and reduce avoidable absenteeism. It concludes with policy options for developing countries to explore as they work to …

absenteeism, accountability, and student learning. This paper explores this idea using data from 16,000 teachers across eight … types of suboptimal behaviors. These are (i) certain types of absenteeism, and (ii) paying extra attention to well …-performing and well-resourced students. Finally, the paper shows that ideas of accountability and absenteeism are strongly framed by …