these shortcomings, but also on the types of incentives, management, and support structures that can improve motivation and … series of recent World Bank and other studies on teacher absence and incentives for performance. Surprise school visits …

This study evaluates the impacts of low-cost, performance-based incentives in Tanzanian secondary schools. Results from … a two-phase randomized trial show that incentives for teachers led to modest average improvements in student achievement … across different subjects. Further, withdrawing incentives did not lead to a "discouragement effect" (once incentives were …