In the recent research on the effect of stock-based incentive compensation for managers on the degree of collusion … expectations of future demand change over time, managers with stock-based remuneration still have a greater incentive to collude … competition over time. If demand is stochastic, managers can set higher collusive prices in recessions. If demand follows a …

changes stochastically between a high and low growth rate, managers with undeferred stock-based remuneration set prices weakly … procyclically with positive and weakly anticyclically with negative correlation. Deferred compensation induces managers to collude …