Portuguese firms engage in intense reallocation, most employers simultaneously hire and separate from workers, resulting in a large heterogeneity of flows and excess turnover. Large and older firms have lower flows, but high excess turnover rates. In small firms, hires and separations move...

Did Russian reforms alter the privileged position enjoyed in Soviet times by large firms? This paper considers the size of firms in one industry (footwear) during the years 1992-2000 and its relation to productivity. Soviet footwear firms were much larger than their foreign counterparts. With...