the suitable proxies in measuring innovation related to risk taking. Many studies use research-and-development intensity … (RDI) and research-and-development spending (RDS) as proxies for innovation related to risk taking. However, little … evidence shows that positive association with risk taking. This study addresses this gap by using RDI and RDS as metrics for …

We examine the influence on managerial risk taking of incentives due to employment risk and due to compensation. Our … empirical investigation of the risk taking behavior of mutual fund managers indicates that managerial risk taking crucially … depends on the relative importance of these incentives. When employment risk is more important than compensation incentives …