In our days, German machine tool makers accuse their Chinese competitors of violating patent rights and illegally imitating German technology. A century ago, however, German machine tool makers used exactly the same methods to imitate American technology. To understand the dynamics of this...

This document presents an indicator-based methodology that attempts to approximate the Lead Market attributes of EU-25 countries for four high-tech industries. A Lead Market is defined as a country where users prefer and demand a specific innovation design that not only appeals to domestic...

Using unique personnel data from one Russian firm for the years 1997 to 2002 we study the size, development and determinants of the gender earnings gap in an internal labor market during late transition. The estimated gender earnings gap at the firm level falls from about 38 percent in 1997 to...

Globalization is transforming the German manufacturing production model. German manufacturing MNCs are shifting from servicing global demand via exports to a strategy of 'produce where you sell' FDI expansion in emerging global markets. This strategy is generating recursive dynamics that are...

On their intensive margins, firms in the British engineering industry adjusted to the severe falls in demand during the 1930s Depression by cutting hours of work. This provided an important means of reducing labour input and marginal labour costs, through movements from overtime to short-time...