The Title of this research is Causality analyze between human development andeconomic growth in North Sumatera. This research purposed to analyze causality relationbetween Human development and economic growth in North Sumatera. Variables used for thismodel are Human development Index (HDI) and...

Classical multivariate principal component analysis has been extended to functional data and termed functional principal componentanalysis (FPCA). Most existing FPCA approaches do not accommodate covariate information, and it is the goal of this paper to develop two methods that do. In the ?rst...