Inside the long term perspective offered by the whole process of industrialisation in Spain and particularly over the 20C, the last 25 years of democracy, show an outstanding positive net balance in terms of economic modernisation, above all if this is measured not just in growth rate of per...

In the Latin American countries, there exists a paradox that is scarcely noticed: in the last decades, the education expansion has been significant, but the degree of inequality has not changed much. Is education a non equalizing system? This paper intends to resolve the paradox. Sigma theory is...