Many studies have shown the existence of discrimination against women during Spanish industrialization. Discrimination … may have occurred in the form of pre-market discrimination, such as industrial segregation, or through wage discrimination … in the labour market. The aim of this article is to estimate empirically the degree of wage discrimination. The main …

and discrimination perception in the participation equation for Afro-Americans, the wage gap is about 43%, where 9% is … associated to explained characteristics by differences in human capital and 33% remains associated with labor discrimination. …