This paper provides an overview of the characteristics of Central American rivers and related freshwater ecosystem services, discusses trends in hydropower development and known environmental and social consequences, and offers suggestions for finding a balance between hydropower and the...

Based on the complex system theory, this paper extends the current notion of the Energy-Economy-Environment (3E) model and establishes a theoretical framework for the Society-Economy-Energy-Environment-Technology (SE³T) complex system. The components and structure of SE³T are described, as...

Based on the complex system theory, this paper extends the current notion of the Energy-Economy-Environment (3E) model and establishes a theoretical framework for the Society-Economy-Energy-Environment-Technology (SE³T) complex system. The components and structure of SE³T are described, as...