Describes the experiences, strategies adopted and problems encountered with regard to reforms in the Chilean port of Valparaiso from 1981 to 1999.

Describes the experiences, strategies adopted and problems encountered with regard to reforms in the Peruvian port of Callao.

Argues that the global organization of production accounts for much of the expansion in trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) and that the functional integration of production activites in different locations has led to an intensification of global economic integration.