also favors disreputable behavior. Some individuals do not hesitate to incur a cost to improve their rank by sabotaging …

datasets. The individual’s rank in the income distribution has a more powerful effect on effort than does others’ average … income rank, the width of the relevant income distribution matters, with effort increasing in the distance from the bottom of … or had higher income rank in the past exert lower levels of effort for a given current income …

’ incomes on individual effort in both datasets. The individual’s rank in the income distribution is a stronger determinant of … effort than is others’ average income, suggesting that comparisons are more ordinal than cardinal. In the experiment, effort … is also affected by comparisons over time: those who received higher income offers or enjoyed higher income rank in the …

. The individual’s rank in the income distribution is a stronger determinant of effort than others’ average income …: those who received higher income offers or had higher income rank in the past exert lower levels of effort for a given … current income and rank. …

lead, we report the results of a two-stage public good experiment with endogenous timing. Even though it turns out to be …

influence participation and effort. We contrast three incentive schemes in a real-effort experiment in which individuals decide …

influence participation and effort. We contrast three incentive schemes in a real-effort experiment in which individuals decide …