Prior research hypothesizes managers use 'real actions,' including the reduction of discretionary expenditures, to manage earnings to meet or beat key benchmarks. This paper examines this hypothesis by testing how different types of marketing expenditures are used to boost earnings for a durable...

We examine the performance of buy-side analysts relative to that of the sell-side. Our tests show that buy-side analysts at a large investment firm make less optimistic stock recommendations than sell-side analysts, consistent with their facing fewer conflicts of interest. However, their...

The study reported here is a comparison of the earnings-forecasting performance of analysts at a large buy-side firm with the performance of sell-side analysts in the 1997-2004 period. The tests show that the buy-side analysts made more optimistic and less accurate forecasts than their...

This paper establishes the following: Random Utility Models (RUMs) that assume consistent preferences result in inconsistent and therefore irrational choice behavior. Paradoxically, it is possible to create RUMs that result in consistent choice behavior, but these models assume inconsistent...

This article introduces a newly discovered property of discrete-choice models, which I call the invariant proportion of substitution (IPS). Like the independence from irrelevant alternatives (IIA) property, IPS implies individual behavior that is counterintuitive in the context of choice among...

We introduce the idea of a massively categorical variable, a variable such as zip code that takes on too many values to treat in the standard manner. We show how to use a massively categorical variable directly as an explanatory variable. As an application of this concept, we explore several of...