[eng] International organisations define the cyclical balance in terms of the impact of the fluctuations in present activity on the public balance. We suggest an alternative method, based on the estimation of aVARmodel having as variables the deficit expressed in GDP points and the GDP growth...

This paper studies teacher mobility in France using unique matched teacher-school data. All tenured teachers in lower secondary schools are included in the analysis. Some institutional features of the French educational system are particularly interesting for analyzing the effect of...

The ZEP (zones d’éducation prioritaire), which started in 1982, are one French example ofpositive discrimination in the education system. This program aims to improve the students’achievement in the most disadvantaged schools. It gives more financial resources to schoolsin disadvantaged...